A severe error occurred on the current command. The results, if any, should be discarded.

I could not see any error in your log file. You can try uninstall and install the SQL Server 2012 (with latest SP) and then restore the last valid backup of your db and test the same. Otherwise, you may need to connect to Microsoft Support.

However, I do not think you will have the issue in other Editions(Enterprise/Developer. If you have installed enterprise in your lab, you may test and confirm.) It works for me!!!